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- <text>
- <title>
- Malawi: History
- </title>
- <article>
- <hdr>
- Background Notes: Malawi
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Hominid remains and stone implements have been identified in
- Malawi dating back more than 1 million years, and early humans
- inhabited the vicinity of Lake Malawi 50,000-60,000 years ago.
- Human remains at a site dated about 8000 B.C. show physical
- characteristics similar to peoples living today in the Horn of
- Africa. At another site, dated 1500 B.C., the remains possess
- features resembling Negro and Bushman people.
- </p>
- <p> Although the Portuguese reached the area in the 16th
- century, the first significant Western contact was the arrival
- of David Livingston along the shore of Lake Malawi in 1859.
- Subsequently, Scottish churches established missions in Malawi.
- One of their objectives was to end the slave trade that
- continued there as late as the end of the 19th century. In 1878,
- a number of traders, mostly from Glasgow, formed the African
- Lakes Company to supply goods and services to the missionaries.
- Other missionaries, traders, hunters, and planters soon
- followed.
- </p>
- <p> In 1883, a consul of the British Government was accredited
- to the "Kings and Chiefs of Central Africa," and in 1891, the
- British established the Nyasaland Protectorate (Nyasa is the
- Chichewa word for "lake"). The British remained in control
- during the first half of the 1900s; however, this period was
- marked by a number of unsuccessful Malawian attempts to obtain
- independence. With a growing number of educated African elite
- voicing its opinions and demands--first through associations,
- and after 1944, through the Nyasaland African Congress (NAC)--the surge toward nationalism was begun.
- </p>
- <p> During the 1950's, pressure for independence increased when
- Nyasaland joined with Northern and Southern Rhodesia in 1953 to
- form the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. In July 1958,
- Dr. H. Kamuzu Banda returned to the country after a long absence
- in the United States (where he had obtained his medical degree
- at Meharry Medical College in 1937), the United Kingdom, and
- Ghana. He assumed leadership of the NAC, which later became the
- Malawi Congress Party (MCP). In 1959, Banda was sent to Gwelo
- Prison for his political activities but was released in 1960 to
- join in the constitutional conference in London.
- </p>
- <p> On April 15, 1961, the MCP won an overwhelming victory in
- elections for a new Legislative Council. It also gained an
- important role in the new Executive Council and ruled Nyasaland
- in all but name a year later. In a second constitutional
- conference in London in November 1962, the British Government
- agreed to give Nyasaland self-governing status the following
- year.
- </p>
- <p> Dr. Banda became prime minister on February 1, 1963,
- although the British still controlled Malawi's financial,
- security, and judicial systems. A new constitution took effect
- in May 1963, providing for virtually complete internal
- self-government. The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was
- dissolved on December 31, 1963, and Malawi became fully
- independent under its new name as a member of the Commonwealth
- (formerly the British Commonwealth) on July 6, 1964. Two years
- later, Malawi adopted a new constitution and became a republic
- with Dr. Banda as its first president.
- </p>
- <p>Current Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> The Government of Malawi is a greatly modified version of
- the British system. Under the 1966 constitution, the president
- is selected every 5 years by MCP officials and tribal chiefs.
- However, Dr. Banda was proclaimed president for life in 1970 by
- a unanimous resolution of the MCP convention. Malawi has no
- vice president. The members of the presidentially appointed
- Cabinet are either drawn from or become members of parliament.
- Malawi's unicameral National Assembly (or parliament) currently
- has 118 seats, the majority being elected members, with 11
- presidentially appointed members.
- </p>
- <p> Malawi has two judicial systems: the magisterial courts,
- headed by a three-member Supreme Court, and "traditional
- courts," created in 1964 and based largely on the local court
- system maintained by the British before independence. Unlike
- officials of the earlier local courts, however, a majority of
- the members of the traditional courts are chiefs who have
- jurisdiction to hear any type of criminal case involving
- Africans. Although each system employs an appeals process, no
- appeals are allowed between courts in the traditional system and
- courts in the magisterial line.
- </p>
- <p> Local government is carried out in 24 districts within 3
- regions administered respectively by district commissioners and
- regional ministers with Cabinet rank. All are appointed by the
- central government.
- </p>
- <p> Malawi has only one authorized political party, the MCP. The
- National Assembly elections were last held in May 1987 on the
- basis of universal suffrage by secret ballot.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- February 1989.
- </p>
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-